Sukarno
English (EN)
Sukarno (6 June 1901 – 21 June 1970) was the first President of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1967. He was the principal leader of Indonesia’s independence movement and the person who proclaimed the nation’s independence on 17 August 1945.
Early Life and Education
Sukarno was born in surabaya, East Java. He studied civil engineering at the Bandung Institute of Technology (ITB). His early political awakening was shaped by the rise of Indonesian nationalism and his education under Dutch colonial rule.
The Independence Movement
During the Dutch colonial period, Sukarno emerged as a charismatic and powerful speaker. He led the Indonesian National Party (PNI) and was imprisoned by the Dutch in 1929–1930 and again in 1933–1942. He was later exiled to Ende, Flores, and then to Bengkulu, Sumatra.
The Japanese Occupation (1942–1945)
When Japan invaded in 1942, Sukarno was released from exile. The Japanese military allowed him to cooperate in their administration in exchange for his influence over the population. He accepted—not because he supported Japan, but because he saw this as the only path to achieving independence. He participated in the establishment of BPUPKI in March 1945 and drafted the Pancasila ideology.
The Proclamation of Independence (17 August 1945)
On the day of Japan’s surrender, Sukarno and mohammad hatta declared Indonesian independence. The declaration was drafted at the home of a sympathetic Japanese officer, Admiral Maeda Tadashi, and read by Sukarno in front of his home.
Presidency and Guided Democracy
From 1945 to 1949, Sukarno led the military and diplomatic struggle against the Dutch. In 1959, he introduced “Guided Democracy” (Demokrasi Terpimpin), a system that centralized power in the presidency. This was partially in response to economic crises and separatist movements.
He was also a key figure in the bandung conference (1955) and the founding of the Non-Aligned Movement, positioning Indonesia as a leader of the Global South.
Overthrow and End of Life
In 1965, an attempted coup (the “30 September Movement”) triggered a violent anti-communist purge led by General suharto. Sukarno’s power was gradually eroded. In March 1967, he was officially removed from power. He died in 1970 under house arrest in Jakarta.
Legacy
Sukarno is remembered as the father of Indonesian independence and the architect of the nation’s founding philosophy, Pancasila. Despite the controversies of his later years, his role in the independence struggle remains unquestioned.
中文 (ZH)
苏加诺（1901年6月6日－1970年6月21日）是印度尼西亚第一任总统，任期为1945年至1967年。他是印尼独立运动的主要领导人，并于1945年8月17日宣布国家独立。
早年与教育
独立运动
在荷兰殖民时期，苏加诺成为一位富有魅力的演讲家。他于1929–1930年和1933–1942年被荷兰人监禁，后被流放到弗洛雷斯和明古鲁。
日本占领时期（1942–1945年）
1942年日军入侵时，苏加诺获释。他选择与日本合作，将其视为实现独立的唯一途径。1945年3月，他参与成立BPUPKI并起草了建国五项原则。
独立宣言（1945年8月17日）
1945年8月17日，苏加诺与穆罕默德·哈达宣布印尼独立。
总统任期
苏加诺领导了反抗荷兰的斗争。1959年，他推行“有领导的民主”。他也是万隆会议和不结盟运动的关键人物。
下台与晚年
1965年，政变引发反共清洗。苏加诺于1967年被正式罢免，1970年在雅加达去世。
遗产
苏加诺被铭记为印尼独立之父和建国五项原则的设计者。
Bahasa Indonesia (ID)
Sukarno (6 Juni 1901 – 21 Juni 1970) adalah Presiden pertama Indonesia, menjabat dari 1945 hingga 1967.
Tahun-tahun Awal
Sukarno lahir di surabaya, Jawa Timur.
Pergerakan Kemerdekaan
Sukarno dipenjara oleh Belanda pada 1929–1930 dan 1933–1942.
Pendudukan Jepang (1942–1945)
Pada 1942, Sukarno dibebaskan. Ia bekerja sama dengan Jepang dan membantu menyusun Pancasila.
Proklamasi Kemerdekaan (17 Agustus 1945)
Sukarno membacakan proklamasi kemerdekaan.
Presidensi
Sukarno memimpin perjuangan melawan Belanda. Ia juga tokoh kunci dalam Konferensi Bandung.
Akhir Hayat
Sukarno lengser pada 1967 dan wafat pada 1970.
知识关联
- independence-declaration · 独立宣言
- japanese-occupation · 日本占领印尼时期
- hatta · 穆罕默德·哈达
- suharto-new-order · 苏哈托新秩序
- bandung-conference · 万隆会议
- non-aligned-movement · 不结盟运动
- malaysia — target utama kebijakan “Ganyang Malaysia” (1963-1966).