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greater-indonesia

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Greater Indonesia

English (EN)

Greater Indonesia (Indonesian: Indonesia Raya) was an irredentist political concept that sought to unite the so-called “Malay race” by bringing together the territories of the Dutch East Indies (and Portuguese Timor) with British Malaya and British Borneo into a single independent political entity. The idea was also referred to as Greater Malay (Malay: Melayu Raya), though definitions varied.

Origins and Development

The concept emerged in the late 1920s among students and graduates of the Sultan Idris Training College for Malay Teachers in British Malaya, and was simultaneously developing among nationalist youth in the [[Dutch East Indies】. In the Dutch East Indies, radical nationalist youth held a strong belief in “Greater Indonesia,” hoping for independence from colonial rule[reference:7][reference:8].

In Malaya, left-leaning individuals responded with the “Greater Malay” concept. The idea was further espoused by figures from sumatra and Java, including Mohammad Natsir and Sukarno, particularly in the 1950s[reference:13].

Intellectual Foundations

The Pan-Malay union was based on understandings of similarities in race, shared language, religion, and culture among ethnic groups in Maritime Southeast Asia[reference:14]. The concept also drew on the ancient idea of Nusantara—the historical awareness that British Malaya, British Borneo, and the Dutch East Indies had once been united.

Indonesian independence activist Muhammad Yamin was a key proponent of the Greater Indonesia idea[reference:16]. Tan Malaka, another prominent figure, proposed the concept of “Indonesia Raya” in his writings, which essentially served as the prototype for Greater Malay[reference:17].

Sukarno’s Advocacy and the “Confrontation” Policy

President Sukarno was a prominent advocate of Greater Indonesia[reference:18]. In the late 1950s and 1960s, Sukarno pursued a Greater Indonesia policy, which also provided for a strong presidency[reference:19]. He framed his advocacy as opposition to “neo-colonialism” and sought to “crush Malaysia”[reference:20]. The historical justification was rooted in the territory once ruled by the Majapahit Empire, which had controlled parts of the Malay Peninsula, borneo, sumatra, and [[Bali】[reference:21].

When the British colonies in Borneo and Malaya prepared for independence in 1963, Indonesia hoped they would join Indonesia[reference:22]. Instead, they merged to form malaysia, which Indonesia fiercely opposed. This led to the Indonesia-Malaysia Confrontation (1963–1966)—a period of armed conflict[reference:23]. Indonesia even withdrew from the United Nations in protest[reference:24][reference:25].

Decline and Legacy

Sukarno’s fall from power in 1967 significantly weakened the Greater Indonesia idea[reference:26]. The policy of Konfrontasi ended with the Jakarta Agreement of 1966.

Despite its political decline, Greater Indonesia reflects a broader nationalist vision. It remains a reference point in discussions of regional identity, post-colonial borders, and the complex relationship between Indonesia and its neighbors.

中文 (ZH)

大印尼主义（印尼语：Indonesia Raya）是一种领土收复主义政治概念，主张将所谓的“马来民族”统一起来，把荷属东印度（及葡属帝汶）、英属马来亚和英属婆罗洲的领土合并为一个独立的政治实体。

起源与发展

该概念出现在1920年代末期，由英属马来亚的苏丹依德理斯师范学院的师生提出。与此同时，荷属东印度的民族主义激进青年也持有“大印度尼西亚”的强烈信念[reference:31][reference:32]。

苏加诺与“对抗”政策

印尼开国总统苏加诺是“大印尼主义”的积极倡导者[reference:33]。他主张的领土范围以历史上满者伯夷帝国的版图为依据，涵盖马来半岛南部、婆罗洲、苏门答腊和巴厘岛等地[reference:34]。

1963年，当英属婆罗洲和马来亚准备独立时，印尼希望这些地区并入印尼[reference:35]。但它们最终合并为马来西亚，引发印尼强烈反对，导致了1963–1966年的印尼-马来西亚对抗（Konfrontasi）[reference:36]。印尼甚至一度退出联合国[reference:37][reference:38]。

衰落与遗产

1967年苏加诺下台后，大印尼主义的影响力被削弱[reference:39]。

Bahasa Indonesia (ID)

Indonesia Raya adalah konsep politik irredentis yang berusaha menyatukan apa yang disebut “ras Melayu” dengan menggabungkan wilayah Hindia Belanda (dan Timor Portugis) dengan Malaya Britania dan Borneo Britania menjadi satu entitas politik independen.

Asal-usul dan Perkembangan

Konsep ini muncul pada akhir 1920-an di kalangan mahasiswa dan lulusan Sultan Idris Training College di [[Malaya Britania】.

Sukarno dan Kebijakan “Konfrontasi”

Presiden Sukarno adalah pendukung utama Indonesia Raya[reference:44]. Ketika koloni Inggris di Borneo dan Malaya bersiap untuk merdeka pada 1963, Indonesia berharap mereka bergabung dengan Indonesia[reference:45]. Mereka malah bergabung membentuk malaysia, yang memicu Konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia (1963–1966)[reference:46].

Kemunduran dan Warisan

Setelah Sukarno jatuh pada 1967, gagasan Indonesia Raya melemah[reference:47].

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