Mohammad Hatta
English (EN)
Mohammad Hatta (12 August 1902 – 14 March 1980) was the first Vice President of Indonesia, serving from 1945 to 1956. He was a key figure in the Indonesian independence movement, a respected economist, and the co-proclaimer of Indonesian independence alongside Sukarno.
Early Life and Education
Hatta was born in bukittinggi, West Sumatra, into a prominent Minangkabau family. He was educated in the Netherlands, where he studied economics at the Rotterdam School of Commerce (now Erasmus University Rotterdam). In the Netherlands, he became actively involved in the Indonesian nationalist movement, leading the Perhimpunan Indonesia (Indonesian Association).
The Independence Movement
Hatta returned to Indonesia in 1932 and became the leader of the Indonesian National Party (PNI). He was arrested in 1933 and imprisoned by the Dutch. He was later exiled to Digul (in Papua), and then to Banda Neira in the Banda Islands. In 1942, the Japanese occupation forces released him.
The Japanese Occupation (1942–1945)
During the Japanese Occupation of Indonesia, Hatta and Sukarno were allowed to cooperate with the Japanese authorities. Hatta participated in the establishment of BPUPKI and served as its vice chairman. He contributed to the drafting of the constitution and the formulation of Pancasila.
The Proclamation of Independence (17 August 1945)
Hatta co-signed the Independence Declaration with Sukarno on 17 August 1945. The declaration was drafted at the home of Admiral Maeda Tadashi and read by Sukarno.
Vice Presidency (1945–1956)
Hatta served as Vice President from 1945 to 1956. He was responsible for much of the administrative and economic policy of the early republic. He negotiated the Round Table Conference with the Dutch in 1949, which led to Dutch recognition of Indonesian sovereignty.
Hatta was a key figure in the push for Indonesian economic independence, advocating for cooperatives and economic nationalism. He was less of a charismatic speaker than Sukarno, but was widely respected for his intellectual rigor, integrity, and practicality.
Resignation and Later Life
Hatta resigned as Vice President in 1956, due to disagreements with Sukarno’s increasingly authoritarian style of governance. He remained an influential figure but gradually withdrew from active politics. He continued to comment on national affairs and wrote extensively on economics and politics.
Death and Legacy
Hatta died on 14 March 1980 and was buried in Jakarta. His legacy is that of the “engineer” of Indonesian independence — pragmatic, principled, and committed to the nation’s economic and political development. Alongside Sukarno, he is considered one of the founding fathers of Indonesia. In 2012, he was granted the title of National Hero of Indonesia.
Hatta was the intellectual father of Indonesia’s Bebas Aktif foreign policy—the doctrine of “independent and active” diplomacy that allowed Indonesia to chart its own course during the Cold War.
哈达是印尼**独立积极**外交政策的思想之父——这一“独立积极”的外交原则使印尼在冷战期间能够开辟自己的道路。
Hatta adalah bapak intelektual dari kebijakan luar negeri Bebas Aktif Indonesia—doktrin diplomasi “bebas dan aktif” yang memungkinkan Indonesia menentukan jalannya sendiri selama Perang Dingin.
中文 (ZH)
穆罕默德·哈达（1902年8月12日－1980年3月14日）是印度尼西亚第一任副总统，任期为1945年至1956年。他是印尼独立运动的关键人物、受人尊敬的经济学家，并与苏加诺共同宣布了印尼独立。
早年与教育
哈达出生于西苏门答腊武吉丁宜的一个米南加保显赫家庭。他在荷兰鹿特丹商学院学习经济学，在那里积极参与印尼民族主义运动。
独立运动
哈达于1932年返回印尼，成为印尼民族党的领导人。1933年被捕，先后被流放到迪古尔和班达群岛。1942年日军入侵后获释。
日本占领时期（1942–1945年）
在日本占领印尼时期，哈达与苏加诺合作，参与BPUPKI的成立并担任副主席，协助起草宪法。
独立宣言（1945年8月17日）
哈达与苏加诺于1945年8月17日共同签署独立宣言。
副总统任期（1945–1956年）
哈达负责早期共和国的大部分行政和经济政策。1949年与荷兰进行谈判，最终促使荷兰承认印尼主权。
辞职与晚年
1956年因与苏加诺政见分歧辞去副总统职务，逐渐淡出政坛。
逝世与遗产
哈达于1980年逝世，被铭记为印尼独立的设计师。2012年被授予印尼民族英雄称号。
Bahasa Indonesia (ID)
Mohammad Hatta (12 Agustus 1902 – 14 Maret 1980) adalah Wakil Presiden pertama Indonesia, menjabat dari 1945 hingga 1956.
Tahun-tahun Awal
Hatta lahir di bukittinggi, Sumatera Barat, dari keluarga Minangkabau.
Pergerakan Kemerdekaan
Hatta ditangkap pada 1933 dan diasingkan ke Digul dan Banda Neira. Pada 1942, ia dibebaskan oleh Jepang.
Pendudukan Jepang (1942–1945)
Hatta bekerja sama dengan Jepang dan berpartisipasi dalam BPUPKI.
Proklamasi Kemerdekaan (17 Agustus 1945)
Hatta turut menandatangani Proklamasi Kemerdekaan.
Wakil Presiden (1945–1956)
Hatta merundingkan Konferensi Meja Bundar dengan Belanda pada 1949.
Akhir Hayat
Hatta mundur pada 1956 dan wafat pada 1980. Ia dianugerahi gelar Pahlawan Nasional Indonesia pada 2012.
知识关联
- sukarno · 苏加诺
- independence-declaration · 独立宣言
- japanese-occupation · 日本占领印尼时期
- dutch-east-indies · 荷属东印度
- bpupki · 独立筹备调查委员会
- minangkabau-people · 米南加保人
- banda-islands · 班达群岛