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kanjuruhan-kingdom

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Kerajaan Kanjuruhan

English (EN)

The First Kingdom of East Java

The Kanjuruhan Kingdom (also spelled Kañjuruhan) is believed to be the oldest Hindu-Buddhist kingdom in East Java[reference:0][reference:1]. Its existence marked the beginning of an independent civilization in the eastern part of the island, centuries before the rise of the more famous kingdoms of Kediri, Singhasari, and Majapahit[reference:2].

The kingdom’s capital was located in the fertile Malang valley, along the upper reaches of the Brantas River on a mountain plateau[reference:3][reference:4]. This strategic location, near the confluence of the Metro and Brantas rivers, provided both agricultural abundance and access to trade routes[reference:5]. The region that was once the center of Kanjuruhan’s government is now known as Malang Regency[reference:6][reference:7].

Historical Timeline

PeriodEvent
6th centuryKingdom is believed to have been established[reference:8]
Late 7th – mid 8th c.Period of Kanjuruhan’s prominence[reference:9]
760 ADDinoyo Inscription records King Gajayana[reference:10]
782 Śaka (860 AD)Kanchana Inscription mentions rakryān kanuruhan[reference:11]
898–910 ADConquered by Medang Kingdom (King Balitung)[reference:12][reference:13]
15th centuryKanuruhan was still an autonomous region[reference:14][reference:15]

The Dinoyo Inscription

The primary source of knowledge about the Kanjuruhan Kingdom is the Dinoyo Inscription (Prasasti Dinoyo), dated to 760 AD[reference:16]. The inscription, written in Old Javanese script and Sanskrit language[reference:17], was discovered in Merjosari Village, Malang[reference:18]. It records several rulers of Kanjuruhan, notably King Dewasimha and King Gajayana[reference:19]. Under Gajayana’s reign, the kingdom experienced significant growth in government, economy, arts, and social life[reference:20].

The inscription also mentions that King Gajayana established a sacred place for the sage Agastya in an effort to ward off disease and protect the spiritual strength of his people[reference:21]. This site is believed to be associated with the Badut Temple (Candi Badut)[reference:22].

Badut Temple

Badut Temple (Candi Badut), located in Karangwidoro Village, Dau District, Malang Regency, is a historic relic of the Kanjuruhan Kingdom[reference:23]. The temple’s name is derived from the Sanskrit word “Liswa,” a title for King Gajayana mentioned in the Dinoyo Inscription[reference:24].

Though modest in size, Badut Temple stands as a testament to the kingdom’s past glory[reference:25]. The temple is constructed from andesite stone and is situated amidst a residential area[reference:26]. Archaeological evidence indicates that the temple may have originally been a simple agastyagrha (a shrine for venerating the sage Agastya)[reference:27].

The Conquest by Medang

The Kanjuruhan Kingdom was conquered by the Medang Kingdom (Ancient Mataram) from Central Java[reference:28]. The conquest occurred during the reign of King Rakai Watukura Dyah Balitung (898–910 AD)[reference:29][reference:30]. Archaeological evidence suggests that the kingdom may have lost its independence even earlier, during the reign of Rakai Pikatan[reference:31].

After its defeat, Kanjuruhan did not disappear. It was transformed into Kanuruhan, an autonomous region under Medang’s rule[reference:32][reference:33]. The ruling family retained authority over the territory with the title of rakryān kanuruhan (grand chancellor)[reference:34]. The oldest testimony of this title in an original document appears in the Balinawan Inscription, dated 813 Śaka[reference:35].

Legacy

The legacy of Kanjuruhan endured long after its defeat. From the Kanuruhan region, great figures emerged, including Mpu Sindok, who famously moved the center of the Medang Kingdom from Central to East Java around 929 AD[reference:36][reference:37]. The Kanuruhan region continued to exist within the structure of subsequent kingdoms, including Kahuripan, Janggala, and eventually Majapahit[reference:38]. Even during the Majapahit period, the title rakryān kanuruhan was retained as a high-ranking bureaucratic position tasked with managing foreign traders[reference:39].

Kanjuruhan and the Dark Lines

Dark LineConnection
**[[the-forth-realmThe Fourth Realm]]**
**[[mana-curseThe Mana Curse]]**
**[[210-day-contractThe 210-Day Contract]]**
**[[three-realmsThe Three Realms]]**

Story Hook: The Kingdom That Refused to Fall

Kanjuruhan was conquered by Medang. Its king was deposed, its capital was occupied, its temples were adapted. But the kingdom did not fall—it transformed. The title rakryān kanuruhan survived for centuries, and the people of the Malang highlands continued to honor the traditions of their ancestors.

A young archaeologist, excavating a site near the Brantas River, discovers a brick floor that she believes to be the remains of a noble residence from the Kanjuruhan era[reference:40]. But as she digs deeper, she finds something unexpected: a hidden chamber beneath the floor, containing artifacts that suggest the kingdom’s spiritual traditions were preserved in secret, passed down through generations of families who refused to let their heritage die.

She realizes that Kanjuruhan was not defeated—it simply went underground. And the memory of the kingdom is still alive, waiting to be rediscovered.

“They say Kanjuruhan fell to Medang. But a kingdom does not fall when its people remember. It only changes form—from a kingdom of kings to a kingdom of memory.” — A Malang historian, speaking of Kanjuruhan

Visual Imagery

Kanjuruhan Kingdom is often depicted in art and photography as:

  • The Badut Temple, a modest andesite stone structure surrounded by modern houses
  • The Brantas River flowing through the Malang valley, the lifeblood of the kingdom
  • Excavations of brick floors and drainage systems from the Kanjuruhan era
  • The Dinoyo Inscription, carved in Old Javanese script on a stone slab
  • A reconstruction of the Malang highlands in the 8th century, with rice fields and temples

中文 (ZH)

东爪哇的第一个王国

坎朱鲁汉王国（Kanjuruhan）被认为是东爪哇最古老的印度教-佛教王国[reference:41][reference:42]。它的存在标志着爪哇东部独立文明的开始，比后来更著名的谏义里、新柯沙里和满者伯夷王国早了数个世纪[reference:43]。

王国的首都位于肥沃的玛琅山谷，沿着布兰塔斯河的上游，在一个肥沃的山地高原上[reference:44][reference:45]。曾经是坎朱鲁汉政府中心的地区，如今是玛琅县[reference:46][reference:47]。

迪诺约铭文

关于坎朱鲁汉王国的主要知识来源是迪诺约铭文（Prasasti Dinoyo），年代为760年[reference:48]。铭文以古爪哇文字和梵文书写[reference:49]，记录了几位坎朱鲁汉的统治者，特别是德瓦辛哈国王和加查亚纳国王[reference:50]。

巴杜特神庙

巴杜特神庙（Candi Badut）位于玛琅县道区卡朗维多多村，是坎朱鲁汉王国的历史遗迹[reference:51]。神庙的名字源自梵语“Liswa”，这是迪诺约铭文中提到的加查亚纳国王的称号[reference:52]。

被梅当征服

坎朱鲁汉王国被中爪哇的梅当王国（古马打兰）征服[reference:53]。征服发生在国王拉凯·瓦图库拉·贾·巴利通（898–910年）统治时期[reference:54][reference:55]。

遗产

坎朱鲁汉的遗产在其被征服后持续了很长时间。从卡努鲁汉地区涌现出重要人物，包括姆普·辛多克，他于929年左右将梅当王国的中心从中爪哇迁至东爪哇[reference:56][reference:57]。卡努鲁汉地区持续存在于后续王国的结构中，包括卡胡里潘、姜加拉，最终是满者伯夷[reference:58]。

“他们说坎朱鲁汉被梅当征服了。但当人民记得时，王国就不会灭亡。它只是改变了形式——从国王的王国变成了记忆的王国。” ——一位玛琅历史学家

Bahasa Indonesia (ID)

Kerajaan Pertama di Jawa Timur

Kerajaan Kanjuruhan diyakini sebagai kerajaan Hindu-Buddha tertua di Jawa Timur[reference:59][reference:60].

Prasasti Dinoyo

Sumber utama pengetahuan tentang Kerajaan Kanjuruhan adalah Prasasti Dinoyo, bertanggal 760 M[reference:61].

Candi Badut

Candi Badut adalah peninggalan bersejarah Kerajaan Kanjuruhan[reference:62].

Penaklukan oleh Medang

Kerajaan Kanjuruhan ditaklukkan oleh Kerajaan Medang dari Jawa Tengah[reference:63].

Warisan

Warisan Kanjuruhan bertahan lama setelah kekalahannya.

“Mereka bilang Kanjuruhan jatuh ke Medang. Tapi kerajaan tidak jatuh ketika rakyatnya mengingat.” — Seorang sejarawan Malang

知识关联

历史

文化

暗线

索引导航

双链闭环结构

kanjuruhan-kingdom（坎朱鲁汉王国） ↕ 东爪哇文明的摇篮 ├── east-java（地理·东爪哇） ├── malang（地理·玛琅·首都所在地） ├── brantas-river（地理·布兰塔斯河·生命线） ├── medang-kingdom（历史·征服者·中爪哇王国） ├── singhasari-kingdom（历史·后继王国） ├── kahuripan-kingdom（历史·后继王国） ├── majapahit（历史·后继帝国） ├── three-realms（结构·三界） ├── the-forth-realm（暗线·隐藏层） ├── mana-curse（暗线·灵力衰退） ├── 210-day-contract（暗线·历法节奏） ├── historical-overview（总览·历史入口） └── geographical-overview（总览·地理入口）7

关系图谱

反向链接