Nusantara Knowledge

samudra-pasai

4分钟阅读

Samudra Pasai Sultanate

English (EN)

The Samudra Pasai Sultanate was a Muslim harbour kingdom on the north coast of sumatra, founded in 1267 CE and lasting until 1524 CE. It is widely regarded as the first Muslim kingdom in Southeast Asia and served as the primary beachhead for the diffusion of Islam into the Indonesian archipelago.

Origins and Foundation

The kingdom was established by Merah Silu, who converted to Islam and adopted the name Malik al-Salih. According to the Malay chronicle Hikayat Raja-raja Pasai, the name “Samudera” derived from the word “Semudera” — an ant as large as a cat — and “Pasai” came from the name of the royal hunting dog. A royal tomb at Samudra-Pasai, dating to 1297, is inscribed entirely in Arabic, confirming the Islamic identity of the ruling house.

External Evidence

Two independent foreign travelers confirmed the kingdom’s existence and Islamic character:

  • In 1292, Marco Polo reported that a large number of people in Perlak (in Aceh) had already embraced Islam, and recorded two small Muslim polities in northern Sumatra: Perlak and Samudra-Pasai.
  • In 1345, the Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta visited Samudra and noted that the ruler and people followed the Shafi’i school of Islamic law and engaged in jihad against their non-Muslim neighbors.

Trade and Islamization

By the 13th century, the decline of Srivijayan power had drawn foreign traders to harbors on the northern Sumatran shores of the Bay of Bengal, safe from the pirate lairs at the southern end of the Strait of Malacca. Samudra Pasai’s hinterland was rich in gold and forest produce, and pepper was being cultivated by the early 15th century. Muslim traders and teachers were likely associated with the kingdom’s administration from the beginning, and religious institutions were introduced to make foreign Muslims feel at home. By the end of the 14th century, Samudra-Pasai had become a wealthy commercial center.

Relations with China

In 1282, Samudra Pasai sent envoys to the Yuan dynasty, establishing diplomatic relations with China. During the 15th century, Admiral Zheng He’s expeditions visited the kingdom on three occasions. These visits were recorded in the Zheng He’s Voyages and contributed to the Islamic connections between China and Southeast Asia. In Chinese historical records, the kingdom was referred to as “蘇木都剌國” (Samudra), a Sanskrit-derived name meaning “ocean”.

Decline and Fall

Samudra Pasai’s economic and political fame depended almost entirely on foreigners, and it gave way in the early 15th century to the better-protected harbor of malacca on the southwest coast of the Malay Peninsula. In 1521, the kingdom was invaded by the Portuguese, and in 1524, the first Sultan of aceh, Ali Mughayat Syah, annexed its territory.

中文 (ZH)

须文达剌-巴赛苏丹国 是东南亚第一个伊斯兰王国，1267年建立于苏门答腊北海岸，存续至1524年。它被认为是伊斯兰教传入马来群岛的首要滩头堡。

与中国的关系

1282年，巴赛向元朝派遣使节，建立了与中国的外交关系。15世纪，郑和下西洋的船队曾三次到访该王国。这些访问被记录在郑和下西洋中，并促进了中国与东南亚之间的伊斯兰联系。在中国历史记载中，该王国被称为”蘇木都剌國”。

衰落

巴赛的经济和政治声望几乎完全依赖外国人。15世纪初，其地位被马六甲取代。1524年，亚齐苏丹兼并其领土。

Bahasa Indonesia (ID)

Kesultanan Samudera Pasai adalah kerajaan Islam pertama di Asia Tenggara, didirikan di pesisir utara Sumatera pada tahun 1267.

Hubungan dengan Tiongkok

Pada 1282, Pasai mengirim utusan ke Dinasti Yuan. Pada abad ke-15, Laksamana Zheng He mengunjungi kerajaan ini tiga kali.

Keruntuhan

Pada 1524, Pasai dianeksasi oleh aceh.

知识关联

关系图谱

反向链接