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sailendra-dynasty

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Sailendra Dynasty

English (EN)

The Sailendra Dynasty (c. 732–860 CE) was a powerful Buddhist dynasty that ruled Central Java and built some of the most magnificent Buddhist monuments in the world, including borobudur. The dynasty’s name is derived from the Sanskrit words saila (mountain) and indra (king), meaning “King of the Mountain” — a title that reflects their cosmic ambitions.

Origins and Rise

The origins of the Sailendra dynasty are debated. Some scholars believe they were indigenous Javanese who embraced Buddhism, while others argue they may have originated from Srivijaya in sumatra or even India. The earliest confirmed Sailendra ruler, King Sanjaya (not to be confused with the Sanjaya dynasty), is recorded in the Kalasan inscription (778 CE), which describes the founding of a Buddhist temple dedicated to the goddess Tara.

The dynasty’s power peaked in the 8th and 9th centuries, during which they controlled much of Central Java and built hundreds of Buddhist temples.

The Construction of Borobudur

The Sailendra’s most famous achievement is the construction of borobudur, the world’s largest Buddhist monument. Built between 780 and 840 CE, Borobudur is a massive stupa-mandala with nine stacked platforms, decorated with over 2,600 relief panels and 504 Buddha statues. The monument represents the Buddhist cosmology, with a path of enlightenment leading to the ultimate goal of nirvana.

The construction of Borobudur was a monumental engineering and artistic achievement, demonstrating the wealth, power, and religious devotion of the Sailendra dynasty.

Buddhism and Statecraft

The Sailendra were devout patrons of Mahayana Buddhism. They sponsored the translation of Buddhist texts, sent monks to study in India and Sri Lanka, and maintained close ties with the Nalanda Monastery. Their rule was legitimized by Buddhist concepts of righteous kingship, presenting the king as a bodhisattva who guided his people toward enlightenment.

The Sailendra-Sanjaya Rivalry

The Sailendra dynasty coexisted and competed with the Sanjaya dynasty, a Hindu dynasty that also ruled parts of Central Java. The two dynasties intermarried and formed alliances, but they also competed for power and resources. The construction of both Buddhist (Borobudur) and Hindu (prambanan) monuments reflects the religious pluralism of the period.

Decline and Legacy

The Sailendra dynasty declined in the late 9th century, losing power to the Sanjaya dynasty. The rise of the Sanjaya under King Rakai Pikatan led to the displacement of the Sailendra. Some members of the dynasty fled to sumatra, where they may have intermarried with the Srivijaya ruling family.

Despite its political decline, the Sailendra dynasty left a lasting legacy. Borobudur remains a UNESCO World Heritage site and a symbol of Indonesia’s Buddhist heritage. The dynasty also played a crucial role in the spread of Buddhism in Indonesia and the cultural transmission between India, Sri Lanka, and Southeast Asia.

中文 (ZH)

夏连特拉王朝（约732–860年）是统治中爪哇的强大佛教王朝，修建了世界上一些最宏伟的佛教纪念碑，包括婆罗浮屠。王朝名称源自梵文 saila（山）和 indra（王），意为“山王”，反映了其宇宙野心。

婆罗浮屠的修建

夏连特拉最著名的成就是修建婆罗浮屠。这座世界最大的佛教纪念碑建于780至840年间，是一座巨大的佛塔曼荼罗，拥有九层叠放平台，装饰着2600多块浮雕板和504尊佛像。

佛教与治国

夏连特拉王朝是大乘佛教的虔诚护持者。他们赞助佛经翻译，派遣僧人前往印度和斯里兰卡学习，并与那烂陀寺保持密切联系。

衰落

夏连特拉王朝在9世纪末衰落，权力转移给桑贾亚王朝。部分成员逃往苏门答腊，可能与三佛齐王室联姻。

Bahasa Indonesia (ID)

Dinasti Sailendra (c. 732–860 M) adalah dinasti Buddha kuat yang memerintah Jawa Tengah dan membangun borobudur.

Pembangunan Borobudur

Borobudur dibangun antara 780–840 M, monumen Buddha terbesar di dunia.

Agama Buddha dan Kenegaraan

Sailendra adalah pelindung Buddhisme Mahayana.

Kemunduran

Dinasti Sailendra menurun pada akhir abad ke-9.

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